The battle enabled Sweden to occupy Saxony and impressed on Ferdinand III the need to include Sweden, and not only France, in any peace negotiations. Two Roman Catholic armies, the emperor’s and the League’s, converged on the kingdom, routing Frederick at the White Mountain in November 1620 and replacing the regime of the estates in Bohemia…, In 1620, following the defeat of Frederick V (the elector palatine, or prince, from the Rhineland who had accepted the crown of Bohemia when it was offered to him in 1618) and the Bohemians, Spanish troops from the Netherlands entered the “Winter…. In 1609, Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Bohemia (1576–1612), increased Protestant rights. The French conquered Arras from the Spanish following a siege that lasted from June 16 to August 9, 1640. Omissions? The Thirty Years' Wars . Danish involvement, referred to as the Low Saxon War, began when Christian IV of Denmark, a Lutheran who also ruled as Duke of Holstein, a duchy within the Holy Roman Empire, helped the Lutheran rulers of neighboring Lower Saxony by leading an army against Ferdinand II’s imperial forces in 1625. One occurs in the first half of the 17th century and the other in the middle of the 18th century. Certainly the word protest is the root of Protestantism and this was a long violent protest against the monarchs in the pocket of the Pope. The new European power would last for a hundred years before being overwhelmed by numerous enemies in the Great Northern War. The politics are obscure, the geographic landscape unfamiliar, and the personalities, with just a couple of exceptions are largely unknown. The Thirty Years War, a multifaceted and multinational political and military conflict that raged over central Europe between 1618 and 1648 has often been considered, at least in the scope of misery and destruction it brought to those experiencing it, as a disaster comparable to, if not greater than, the two world wars and the Black Death. In the case of the Thirty Years War, there is no question that Wilson has done his research and assembled what will be considered THE stand out overview of the war for a long time to come. Nevertheless, it did settle many outstanding European issues of the time. Part of a lecture series given on board the Windstar Cruises yachts, Star Pride and Wind Surf, in the summer of 2017. The Swedish intervention in the Thirty Years’ War, which took place between 1630 and 1635, was a major turning point of the war, often considered to be an independent conflict. Ferdinand II: Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Bohemia, whose aim, as a zealous Catholic, was to restore Catholicism as the only religion in the empire and suppress Protestantism, and whose actions helped precipitate the Thirty Years’ War. Ferdinand received support from Albrecht von Wallenstein, who led troops to defeat Christian IV’s army. He then laid siege to Stralsund, the only belligerent Baltic port with sufficient facilities to build a large fleet; it soon became clear, however, that the cost of continuing the war would far outweigh any gains from conquering the rest of Denmark. One of the causes of the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) was the growing religious and political tension between Roman Catholics and Protestant Christians. Twelve of their heads were impaled on iron hooks and hung from the Bridge Tower as a warning. During the Thirty Years' War of 1600s, a band of Protestant mercenaries peacefully coexist with German Catholic villagers in a hidden idyllic mountain valley untouched by war. Cardinal Richelieu, the chief minister of King Louis XIII of France, considered the Habsburgs too powerful because they held a number of territories on France’s eastern border, including portions of the Netherlands. The general Hans Christoff von Königsmarck, commanding Sweden’s flying column, entered the city and captured Prague Castle (where the event that triggered the war—the Defenestration of Prague—had taken place thirty years before). So much territory was purloined by Protestant forces and purges of Catholicism. These rulers avoided religious wars within the empire by allowing the different Christian faiths to spread without coercion. After the Peace of Prague, the Swedes reorganized the Royal Army and reentered the war, winning important battles against the imperial army. However, they failed to conquer the right-bank part of Prague and the old city, which resisted until the end of the war. Yet, this was before the Thirty Years’ War. The aim of this paper is to outline the main themes of Wiesner-Hanks’ discussion of the war. The Peace of Augsburg began to unravel—some converted bishops refused to give up their bishoprics, and certain Habsburg and other Catholic rulers of the Holy Roman Empire and Spain sought to restore the power of Catholicism in the region. Did settle many outstanding European issues of the 16th century hundred Years before being overwhelmed numerous... Of White Mountain, where the Protestants could not gather the international support the thirty years war needed for War be. Their land laid waste was forbidden giving rise to conflict you ’ ve submitted and determine whether revise! Widespread fighting ensued until 1640, with neither side gaining an advantage 1618, Europe was into! 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